Spatial distribution of intestinal parasitic infections in a Kaingáng indigenous village from Southern Brazil

The spatial distribution of enteroparasitosis in an indigenous village from Paraná was evaluated to identify areas of risk for these infections. A cross-sectional study (from November 2010 to June 2011) was performed using Three Faecal Test^® and Kato &; Katz method and a questionnaire on housing and hygiene conditions was administered. Local geostatistical analyses were performed to determine the spatial distribution of intestinal parasitic infections. The overall prevalence of enteroparasites was 67.2?% (457/680), and the most prevalent taxa were Ascaris lumbricoides (48.8?%) and Trichuris trichiura (44.7?%). The prevalence of heavy infection by soil-transmitted helminths was 3.6?% and the families lived in houses with an average of 5.1 residents and < 2 bedrooms per household. The average number of species per individual present spatial heterogeneity with the highest values (≥0.8) in areas with high clustering of residences. The visualization of the spatial distribution of intestinal parasites in this indigenous village is an important contribution to determining health risk areas and planning decisions and services.     

不同地理居群新塔花的ITS2和psbA-trnH序列及聚类分析

目的:分析18个不同地理居群新塔花的内转录间隔区(ITS)2和psbA-trnH序列,为其种质资源评价和基原药用植物遗传多样性分析提供参考。方法:试剂盒法提取新塔花基因组DNA,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增ITS2和psbA-trnH间隔区序列,双向测序,拼接,基于Kimura两参数模型(K2P)构建邻接法(NJ)系统发育树。结果:不同地理居群新塔花ITS2和psbA-trnH序列均有种内差异。ITS2序列长度平均为236 bp,检测有9个单倍型,遗传距离为0～0. 022,不同地理居群新塔花聚为两支,XTH3,XTH6,XTH9等10个地理居群聚为一支,XTH4,XTH5,XTH10等8个地理居群聚为另一支。除XTH6的psbAtrnH序列存在6 bp缺失外,其他地理居群的psbA-trnH序列长度均为355 bp,检测有4个单倍型,遗传距离为0～0. 023,不同地理居群新塔花聚为两支,XTH1,XTH3,XTH4等12个地理居群聚为一支,XTH14,XTH17,XTH18聚为另一支。基于ITS2+psbA-trnH组合序列的系统发育(NJ)树显示,不同地理居群的新塔花可分为两支,XTH11,XTH12,XTH16等12个地理居群聚为一支,XTH14,XTH17,XTH18聚为另一支。结论:不同地理居群的新塔花地理位置接近或相似,相对遗传距离较小,亲缘关系较为接近,说明不同地理居群新塔花的亲缘关系及其遗传多样性与地理位置相关。     

Unique sleep‐stage transitions determined by obstructive sleep apnea severity,age and gender

In obstructive sleep apnea, patients’ sleep is fragmented leading to excessive daytime sleepiness and co‐morbidities like arterial hypertension. However, traditional metrics are not always directly correlated with daytime sleepiness, and the association between traditional sleep quality metrics like sleep duration and arterial hypertension is still ambiguous. In a development cohort, we analysed hypnograms from mild (n = 209), moderate (n = 222) and severe (n = 272) obstructive sleep apnea patients as well as healthy controls (n = 105) from the European Sleep Apnea Database. We assessed sleep by the analysis of two‐step transitions depending on obstructive sleep apnea severity and anthropometric factors. Two‐step transition patterns were examined for an association to arterial hypertension or daytime sleepiness. We also tested cumulative distributions of wake as well as sleep‐states for power‐laws (exponent α) and exponential distributions (decay time τ) in dependency on obstructive sleep apnea severity and potential confounders. Independent of obstructive sleep apnea severity and potential confounders, wake‐state durations followed a power‐law distribution, while sleep‐state durations were characterized by an exponential distribution. Sleep‐stage transitions are influenced by obstructive sleep apnea severity, age and gender. N2 → N3 → wake transitions were associated with high diastolic blood pressure. We observed higher frequencies of alternating (symmetric) patterns (e.g. N2 → N1 → N2, N2 → wake → N2) in sleepy patients both in the development cohort and in a validation cohort (n = 425). In conclusion, effects of obstructive sleep apnea severity and potential confounders on sleep architecture are small, but transition patterns still link sleep fragmentation directly to obstructive sleep apnea‐related clinical outcomes like arterial hypertension and daytime sleepiness.     

生存资料回归模型分析——生存资料参数回归模型分析SAS实现

本文目的是介绍生存资料参数回归模型的SAS实现,包括创建SAS数据集、依据图示法选择模型、拟合参数模型和似然比检验。利用SAS中的LIFEREG过程绘制生存函数关于生存时间的关系图,拟合对应的参数分布回归模型,通过拟合优度检验选择最优的参数回归模型,最后对相关结果进行解释。     

如何正确运用t检验——两几何均值比较一般差异性t检验及SAS实现

本文目的是介绍几何均数以及两组近似对数正态分布数据几何均数的一般差异性t检验及SAS实现。首先对几何均数的概念、适用条件和计算公式进行介绍;并且将几何均数与统计学中常用的算术均数的特点进行比较;其次,呈现两组药物浓度数据,该数据近似服从对数正态分布,符合几何均数的适用条件,使用SAS的TTEST过程对两组几何均数的一般差异性进行t检验,并对相关结果进行解释和比较;最后,讨论几何均数使用时的注意事项。     

如何正确运用Z检验——总体方差已知时两算术均值比较一般差异性Z检验及SAS实现

本文的目的是介绍总体方差已知时两算术均值比较一般差异性Z检验及SAS实现。首先，介绍了选用Z检验的前提条件；其次，介绍了单组设计和成组设计条件下进行均值比较的Z检验统计量，并介绍了上单侧检验、下单侧检验和双侧检验时所对应的拒绝域；最后，结合两个实例，基于SAS软件实现3种Z检验，对输出结果做出了解释。并针对如何合理选择单侧检验还是双侧检验给予说明。